Aeration and Fermentation Essay Example for Free

Aeration and Fermentation EssayBrewing is a fermentative process which converts carbohydrate rich raw materials into beer using barm catalysts such as bread makers yeast and species of Saccharomyces. Water quality and aeration conditions influence beer quality to a greater extent. Of these two, aeration plays a vital role.Aeration and Fermentation Studies revealed that yeast cells propagation was doubled when cultivated under prolonged aerobic conditions as compargond to discontinuous aeration. Moreover, increase in cell growth was proportional to aeration volume, mainly due to the synthesis of sterols and unsaturated greasy acids which are important elements of the yeast cell membrane. Under batch fermentation, aeration affected 1st fermentation nevertheless, successive fermentation was yeast strain dependent. Chul (2002) observed solid differences in levels of aroma compounds obtained with yeast propagated under different aerobic conditions. However aerobic conditions were not found to affect the levels of diacetyl. According to Chul et al (2007), continuous aeration during yeast propagation directly influenced yeast metabolism, fermentation ability and beer quality.Microbial contamination risks Certain groups of micro-organisms pose contamination risk in brewing. Most hazardous beer despoilment microbial agents are the species of Lactobacilli, Pedicocci and Micrococcus kristinae. Lactobacilli are gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic bacteria. Some species of Lactobacilli which are the common beer spoilage organisms are said to operate using homofermentative metabolism, by take down the pH of fermentation process by producing lactic acid.These species are generally resistant to cut compounds. Lactobacillus brevis has the ability to ferment dextrins and starch and its contaminations in beer cause turbidity and super-attenuation (Vaughan et al. 2005). Pediococci are also homofermentative bacteria, which normally grow in pairs or tetrads, and are fo und in finished beers and wort fermentations.Presence of Pediococci leaves behind fermentable sugars in beer eve after fermentation, thus causing ropiness. Micrococcus kristinae is an aerobic, gram-positive coccus occurring in tetrads or groups of four, forming pale cream to pale orange colonies. The primary habitat is the mammal skin (Microbial glossary).Most of the strains are non-pathogens but some tend to be opportunistic pathogens. These species can grow in beer with significantly lower levels of alcohol and hop compounds and at pH values above 4.5 (Vaughan et al. 2005) and produce a fruity atypical aroma.Gram negative anaerobic bacteria such as Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis, Selenomonas lacticifex, Zymophilus raffinosivorans and Zymomonas mobilis are also potential beer spoilage microbes. Pectinatus species have found to greatly affect non-pasteurized beers rather than pasteurized ones. These anaerobic organisms ideally grow in packaged products among 15 and 40C with an optimum at 32C and at a pH of 4.5 (Vaughan et al. 2005).They are found to produce significant amounts of acetic acid, propionic acid and acetoin in wort and packaged beers. They also produce hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan and cause considerable turbidity and an unpleasant rotten egg olfactory property in beer. Zymomonas mobilis is an organism widely used in the bio-ethanol synthesis. However, this species contaminates beer when it produces significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulphide.Gram negative aerobic bacteria such as Hafnia protea and Enterobacter cloacae also other agents which cause beer spoilage and are capable of surviving beer fermentation. Certain species of Saccharomyces are also organism causing beer contamination.Works CitedCheong, Chul. Wackerbauer, Karl. and Kang, concisely AH. Influence of aeration during propagation of pitching yeast on fermentation and beer flavor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17(2). 2007 297 304.Mic robial glossary Environmental Diagnostic Laborarory, retrieved from http//www.pureaircontrols.com/glossary.htmlVaughan, Anne. OSullivan, Tadhg. and Sinderen, Douwe Van. Enhancing the Microbiological Stability of Malt and Beer A Review. proceeds no. G-2005-1316-408. The Institute of Brewing Distilling. 111 ( 4). 2005 355 371.

The question of love in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

The question of sleep with in Romeo and Juliet EssayThe theme of spot is evidently explored with Shakespeares play of Romeo and Juliet, development his abilities, the author manages to introduce legion(predicate) obstacles or other influencing elements that has a great impact on the development of love between the two young lovers. at that place are two basic levels in the play, the deportment of society within Verona and the private, love orientated interaction between Romeo and Juliet. The social culture of Verona has stood as an uncorrectable influence upon the relationship of Romeo and Juliet, especially concerning the feud between the two families of the Capulets and the Montagues. The existence of this feud is non the immediate reason for the destruction of the lovers, yet it is one of many characteristics within the plot that together is considered an influence that hindered the relationship. Increasing the scale of this elements impact on the relationship, is the fact that it doesnt simply involve the two immediate families as up to now the servants take part in the feud, distinctly proven within the first scene. The conflict appears to be one that is inflicted upon the whole public of Verona as represented by an unnecessary quarrel between the servants of the ho practice sessionholds within the first scene.This scenes constant references and implications of somatogenetic action and the actual deed being undertaken show the unprompted and impetuous behaviour of the people. GREGORY The quarrel is between our masters and us their men SAMPSON Tis all one (Act I, Scene I) Their world of hate and inexplicable grudges introduces the high level of intolerance and ignorance of the injurious society of Verona to the audience at the beginning of the play, aiding hindrance to the relationship between the star-crossd lovers.However, once the play has initiated, the speed of the action accelerates further and further, thus the people behaving to a greater extent unreasonable and with further impulsiveness. It is this factor that increases the impact of the occurrence in the plot, therefore emphasizing their impacts on Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare has also involved a love triangle, between Romeo and Juliet. As he involves a wealthy prince named Paris, whom is arranged, by her parents, to marry Juliet despite her devoted feelings to Romeo.However, Paris appears as a wooer to Juliet and not an emotional and individual lover, and Shakespeare clearly shows this within the initial two lines of Paris, that he is not a lover as true as Romeo of honourable reckoning are you both. Despite these overt obstacles that Shakespeare has emphasized before introducing the lovers to the audience, love is still found between the two. Within act one, scene five, the language and form of the dialogue shared between the two vatic enemies changes, and becomes poetic and flattering, showing that their private interactions are totally different f rom the public life.Romeo and Juliets first conversation is composed of a sonnet. Shakespeare has successfully managed to use this poetic approach to explore matters beyond a dramatic performance and involve the audience emotionally, enabling them to imagine themselves as the recipients of the poem. The language used additionally creates an interior perspective of love between them. When Romeo first sees Juliet, his plans are of a physical nature, Ill watch her place of stand/ And, touching hers, make blessed my blunt hand (Act I, Scene IV). The acting of touching Juliets hand is a linguistic representation of touch, a tactile sign.Further emphasized within the pilgrim sonnet, using a semantic use of words, attention is brought to reference of touch once again Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is prugd. The use of a formal convention of a sonnet and the emphasis of contact and physical intimacy create a new atmosphere. The next duration the lovers meet is on Juliets balcony, w here Romeo has trespassed on Capulet ground potentially causing a lot of danger, of which is Juliet is highly aware of If they do see thee, they will murder thee (Act II, Scene II).Romeo attempts to console Juliets fears through declaration of their being stronger than the physical power of Capulets kinsmen there lies more peril in thine eye than twenty of there swords. Romeo tries to prove his love to Juliet by using a vow, again a conventional form of speech, yet Juliet immediately interrupt him and explains that no any convention but his gracious self can guarantee his true love. Romeos use of conventional language to Juliet arouses skepticism in the audience is this really true love, or just a sign of immaturity?JULIET O swear not by the moon, thinconstant moon, That monthly changes in her orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise variable (Act II, Scene II) Romeo and Juliets characters are quite contradictive. Romeo, a more experienced lover, so overwhelmed with supposed love y et shows passivity and immaturity though Juliet, completely inexperienced with love, behaves more skillfully and cautiously constantly aware of the danger that accompanies their love. This simple contradiction may perchance have stood as a hindrance to the development of love.Additionally within this scene, one must realize that Romeo displays his ignorance of the situation and fails to consider such(prenominal) as part of reality with loves light wings did I oerperach these walls. Romeos inability to distinguish reality from that of a surrealist perspective corresponds to the contrast between night and day. The condemnation of day influences the relationship greatly, as I believe both Romeo and Juliet recognize. During the day while light is still shone upon the grounds, the feelings are running high, but night is possibly considered the time of calmness and ease, where love may take place.After the fateful quarrel occurring in act three, scene one, Juliet longs for the night, possibly relating such a time of day to satisfaction of feelings, especially in terms of Romeo Come night come Romeo come thou day in night (Act III, Scene II). I believe this is further emphasized after realizing that the lovers last meeting was the wedding-night before Romeo was exiled their parting shows that to them, day is a foe to their love acting as a significant hindrance to the development of their love. JULIET O now be gone, more light and light it growsROMEO More light and light more regretful and dark our woes (Act III, Scene V) Another addition to nights seemingly appearance to uphold peace and love, acting as obstacle of relationships development, is Romeos brief display of skepticism. As previously tell Romeos inability to distinguish reality from that of a surrealist perspective corresponds to the contrast between night and day as explained in the previous paragraph, as he feels that his love to Juliet is isolated away from ordinary life I am afeard, being in night, all this is but a dream.The use of language through the poetical conventions and the action of the first half of the play, clearly show that the plot rides upon two contrary levels. The supposition of love is again questioned, if there is a love concept within this play surely it represents a rival idea to the ordinary aristocratic life of Verona, thus making the concept of love plainly a rival to the real world. Yet confusion is introduced when thinking that the intimate interaction and representation of love between Romeo and Juliet, seemingly being the rival of the real world, truly occurs within this real world.The two supposed rivals of love and society regularly alternate and this happens without a change of place. Thus the two rivals of love and society uphold incompatible with exception of being unified in the individuals Romeo and Juliet and in time and place of setting but is their really a unification within Romeo and Juliet? I dont believe these two rivalling themes of love and society can neither coexist or be unified as they are incompatible, nonetheless can not be separated as they take place in one physical world.Therefore, if both levels are absolutely incompatible, a solution must be inevitable hence the tragic demolition of the star crossd lovers. Yet their deaths may have been this seemingly inevitable solution, as Romeo realizes after hearing of Juliets apparent death that the real world does not provide any room for the realization of their love. Therefore death is regarded the only place of reconciliation and it was in all ways. I dont think Shakespeare wished to provide a didactic message to the audience, yet wished to show how the conflict between love and society lead to Romeo and Juliets death.I believe the address of the play was not how love arose out of hatred and then triumph over it in death, but that it does. The plot shows that society and death are powers or forces that influenced the lives of Romeo and Juliet . Love was the basis upon the significant decisions made within the play therefore power of love additionally belongs to these forces. In terms of the two rivalling themes, society regarded their love as a failure yet the lovers defiance of society proved to be a great success in terms of the power of love.

Literature Review on the Employer-Employee Relationship

Literature Review on the Employer-Employee RelationshipBACKGROUNDThe Employer-Employee dealing is no doubt an enormous topic in kind-hearted choice caution that covers key atomic number 18as of Employment human kinship, Collective Bargaining, surgery and pay heed also Employee involvement which help to determine the nature of giving medicational commission and performance.The employment relationship aspect deals with the role and influence of law which determines the rights and responsibilities/rules that govern the behaviour of both employer and employee which has an impact on how relationship works issue. However in recent geezerhood sunrise(prenominal)er concept take a crap emerged in Human Resource oversight that has considerable switch overd relationship that was formally dependent upon interaction of formal legal regulations.(Beardwell and Claydon 2007)Collective dicker is a situation where representatives of both parties come together to negotiate on matters relating to pay, terms of employment and working conditions, in recent years there has been a shift from the traditional incarnate bargain to a more individualised system of bargaining.(Henderson 2008).Performance and reward management relates to the use of individualised pay, performance-related pay and performance management. This factors determines behaviour in terms of need, communication and level of commitment.(Beardwell and Claydon 2007)Employee involvement is a form of employer-employee relations that allows more participation of the employee in organisational decisions, this is when employees can buoy influence decisions that are normally reserved for management(Marchington and Wilkinson 2008).Employee relations is characterised by both conflict and cooperation, Marchington and Wilkinson (2008) described the management of employee relations as being vital to the success or visitation of an organisation and it is seen as central to Human resource management.(Dawson 199 5)acknowledged that the achievement of organisational objectives depends upon employment relations, evidence from (Limerick 1992)suggests that individual empowering should be consistent in the event of strategic change.Considering the warring nature of industries and technological advancement, the importance of employer-employee relationship becomes more critical, reason being that to meet constant changing necessarily of consumers, effective human resource management becomes very crucial in achieving business success.I am an MBA (General Management) Student and I am interested in this topic because as a succeeding(a) General Manager/business owner I want to slang a better understanding on the effective ways developing imperious employee relations, also to have an idea of the factors that motivates employees, how strategic objectives can be achieved through effective communication with employees? I am basing my explore on a multinational company.The greatest asset of an organ isation is considered to be the Human Resource and the greatest challenge of an organisation is how to manage these human resources efficiently and effectively so as to achieve set objectives of the organisation, my search objective leave be to stress the importance of employer-employee relations, because in the UK the relationship is considered to be an employee to do a particular concern in return for wage or salaries for the work they do and this goes beyond mere work for pay.PRELIMINARY analyze OF THE LITERATUREFor the purpose of this research, my focus give up be on the impact of employer-employee relations on key areas of Collective bargaining, performance and reward management which places emphasis on motivation and various reward systems, also emphasis forget be placed on employee involvement and participation in the context of organisational commitment, all these shiftings constitute to the achievement of organisational objectives.The literature reassessment will be divided into four partsA brief history and DefinitionTheoretical and Empirical literatureBenefits of usual employer-employee relationsEmployer-employee relations within the UK including FordA brief historyIn the early 70s the relationship among employers and employees in work place was more of a collective relationship which involves collective bargaining where representatives of both employer and employees meet to negotiate on matters relating to pay, terms of employment and working conditions, representatives of employees are known as trade union(Henderson 2008). Organisations were promote to recognise and work with trade unions so as to improve the employment rights of workers through collective bargaining(Marchington and Wilkinson 2005).However, in the early 1990s, countries like UK where trade unionism were super recognised witnessed a significant go under in trade unionism, employee relations changed from the traditional collective method of bargain to a more individualise d method as a number of increase in sophisticated HRM manner initiative in communication, participation and recognition(Henderson 2008)(Edwards 2003) described the relationship between employer and employee as a system where both parties have common and divergent interest, this is a situation where employer and employee communicate their requirement and views to one another in terms of agreement on work related issues.Theoretical literature(Newell and Scarbrough 2002) posed different dimension on how organisations handle issues of employee relation and on this basis four management dash have been suggestedSophisticated human relations employees are viewed as the most valuable resource of the organisation, emphasis employees appraisal and extensive method of communication aimed at enhancing employee loyalty and commitment. Trade unionism is discouraged. Many US companies adopt this sprint.Consultative approach this is similar to the first approach only those trade unions are reco gnised. This style is mostly found in the European countries such as GermanyTraditional style employees are seen as a mere factor of production, it represents the Taylors management approach. Unions are opposed.Constitutional style this is similar to the traditional style only that unions are recognised and accepted.It limitation above theory is that different management styles can be used in the same organisation for example the sophisticated human relations style can be used when managing managers while the traditional style when managing other employee(Newell and Scarbrough 2002).Considering theories that relate to performance and reward management, motivation theories like the Maslows hierarchy of need, his theory identifies five levels of inescapably. Level 1- physiological needs like food, water and comfort. The organisation provides financial reward. Level 2-safety needs the organisation provides this by benefits. Level 3- social needs the organisation satisfies employees so cial need through social gathering. Level 4-esteem needs the organisation helps to satisfy employee esteem needs by showing employees appreciation of work done. Level 5self-actualisation needs deal with self needs, discovering individuals full potential(Beardwell and Claydon 2007). Researchers have often criticised this theory following the proportion that there is no clear relationship between needs and behaviour. Alternatively Alderfers ERG theory suggested that needs could be categorise into three instead of Maslows five these types of needs are existence, relatedness and growth. Herzberg identified two factors based on his research namely motivators and hygiene factor(Beardwell and Claydon 2007).Several other theories of motivation will be examined in my dissertation.Besides motivation, modern theory in employee participation known as employee engagement was defined by CIPD 2007 as the combination of commitment to the organisation and its values that goes beyond job satisfactio n and motivation. This can be linked to psychological contract which will be later discussed extensively, but this has to do with a stronger emotional attachment between employer and employee that helps in attracting and retaining employees(Henderson 2008)The concept of soft model HRM throws light to the positive attitude created from the use of appropriate HRM practices together with communication, motivation and leadership enhances commitment to the organisation and improved performance (Guest 2002). while the Hard HRM model emphasizes on the effective utilization of employees, ensuring that HRM strategy are driven by overall corporate strategy(Keenan 2005).Empirical literatureIn a research carried out by (Edgar and Alan 2005) they stated that effective HRM policies and practices should be measured by their comprehend lumber, not simply by the number of practices introduced.Another important issue raised by (Mac Mahon 1996) is that, even in microscopical firms where the need fo r improved productivity is very important, reward systems was rarely tied to productivity and performance, and also conflict between employer and employee tend to be rare rather conflict was apparent on a personal level.(Savolainen 2000)also linked employer-employee relations with the aspect of leadership and suggested three development strategies 1)Trust building or participative strategy, 2)The entrepreneurial cooperative strategy, 3)Negotiative strategy. Findings also revealed how organisation change or move towards a new workplace and the role of line managers.Another research suggest that the effective communication of information and ideas to employees should be real through practice and commitment, findings also revealed that organisation should assess current culture to desired objectives and as a result new attitude often needs to be acquired by both employer and employees(Owusu 1999). In the work of (Dawson 1995) evidence suggest that human resource strategy has shifted focus of job design to career development, acquisition development which enhanced employee involvement.From my findings I have discovered that most research on areas of employee relations have focused more on the impact of HRM practices on employee performance, however few researchers have worked on employee relations and how it affects organisational commitment and performance, the justification for this research is to shed more light on the impact of this relationship and how it can be improved to enhance organisational performance. I have decided to look at a car manufacturing company (Ford motor company).BenefitsThe mutual relationship between both parties increases motivation which in turn leads to increase productivity and profit maximization.Estenson (1999) describes employer-employee relations as a key ingredient in the implementation of quality improvement(Savolainen 2000).Furthermore, (Sadri and Lees 2001)said a positive relationship between both parties could lead to a c ompetitive advantage over other firms in the industry and also provide enormous benefits to the organisation.Employee Relations within the UK and Ford Motor CompanyIn the early 1990, the Workplace Industrial Relation Survey reported a decline in trade unionism in the UK, which was replaced by employee involvement in form of line managers who were responsible for HR activities(Henderson 2008).Thus some empirical research in Britain confirmed a key role of line manager in handling human resource activities notable in areas of employee relations(Redman and Wilkinson 2006).Finding of Hamill pointed out that a lower percentage of US owned plant in the UK recognized unions also that US owned company were more likely to have implemented individualized pay(Eric and Jonathan 1995).Ford is the biggest selling motor company in the UK with several large plants located in the UK. Ford Britain and its dealers employ around 35, 000 community in areas of product development, manufacturing, sales a nd marketing and service departments.However in recent times Ford launched a diversity strategy which has helped to them embrace the new employee relations in Employee engagement(FORD MOTORS COMPANY 2009).RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe following question and objectives are based on findings from the background and literature review.Should employers embrace employee involvement and participation?Does mutual relations between employer and employee lead to organisational commitment?What is the relationship between organisational commitment and organisational success?Apart from pay, how else should employers reward performance?Should employees be involved in ambit organisational objectives?RESEARCH OBJECTIVESTo critically discerp how positive employer-employee relationship can impact on organisational success.To critically evaluate the benefits of employee involvement in setting organisational goals and objectives.To critically take apart how different management style can impact on employee behaviour in terms of motivation and commitment.To critically evaluate the relationship between employer and employee in Ford Motors company and how it affects their performance.To recommend ways of improving employer-employee relations to achieve higher productivity and profit maximization.RESEACH PLANResearch perspectiveAccording to (Jewell 2008)states that the prescribed approach is based on the experiment and desire to establish causality between variables. However the positivism aspect of this research is to establish a relationship between employer-employee relations and the achievement of organisational objectives. There are two variables namely dependent and independent variables, the independent variable here is the employer-employee relation and the dependent variable is the achievement of organisational objectives.Both quantitative and qualitative research will be done through primary (from questionnaires) and secondary data. Both deductive and inductive argument will b e used.Research DesignMy research design will be a case study design which entails an extensive analysis of a single case. This would be an analysis of Ford Motor Company.Data collection MethodData will be collected in dept from different sources I will use two different sources of data collection methods Secondary and Questionnaire.Secondary Data This will be collected from existing sources such as textbooks, articles, internet, and journals.Access to these Data will be done through the universitys online databases such as Science Direct, Emerald and the Internet this will address the first three research objectives. However secondary data will limit to fully address the fourth objective that is why primary data will used.QuestionnaireThe fourth and twenty percent objectives of this research is to seek information from mostly employees of Ford Motor Company on how they are being treated by employers and how it affects their performance, this will be topper achieved by a the use qu estionnaire. Questionnaires will be distributed to over 300 people and I expect a rate of return of 30-40 %. My questionnaire will be brief so as to achieve this.However access to respondents will be achieved through a family friend in London whose friend is an employee in fords manufacturing plant in Dagenham, London. I have contacted him and he has decided to help with the distribution of the questionnaire bureaucracySampleA Quota sampling method will be employed for my questionnaires because I wont be able to send questionnaires to all the employees of Ford, so the study will be based on a small percentage of employees mainly in the engineering department of the company and my findings will then be generalized.Analysis of DataFor the questionnaire I will use outmatch to present a descriptive and presentational analysis for data collected. The level of analysis will be more bivariate which will allow me analyse two variables together.LimitationsThe first limitation will be the ge neralisabilty of my research because it is a single case study and I will focus on a small percentage of a large population of Ford employees in the UK.The second limitation will be the validity of my research work I will make sure I go through the literature of my study frequently so as to guard against data not applicable to my research.The third limitation will be the response rate and collection of questionnaires in order to keep the response rate high like 40% more questionnaires will be distributed.Concerning reliability to the research, I will try to ensure that a result of the research is replicable in future.Another limitation mogul be that employee might be reluctant to disclose some information about their employers which might affect the reliability of the research.Ethical ConsiderationsResearch ethicsI have read and understood the BES ethics students handbook, and i will comply with the BES ethical guidelines and complete the ethics compliance and checklist forms. All documents regarding ethical approval will be submitted. Results from surveys will be kept confidential and safe. In addition I will seek approval of my questions for my questionnaire from my supervisor, also the reason and intended result for the research will be explained in front of the questionnaire.PlagiarismAs for plagiarism, I understand what it means and the consequences, I will make sure I cite and acknowledge the work of others.REFERENCESAnon. (FORD MOTORS COMPANY 2009) Ford Motors Company online NOV. 11, 2008Beardwell, J. and Claydon, T. (2007) Human Resource Mnangement A Contemporary Approach. Essex Pearson Education LimitedDawson, P. (1995) Redefining Human Resources Management Work Restructuring and Employee Relations at Mobil Adelaide Refinery. International journal of Manpower 16, (5/6) 47-55EDGAR, F. and ALAN, G. (2005) Human Resource Management Practice and Employee Attitude Different Measures- Different Results. PERSONAL REVIEW 34, (5) 534-549Edwards, P. (2003) Th e Employement Relationship in the Field of Industrial Relations Theory and Practice in Britain. Oxford BlakwellEric, L. and Jonathan, M. (1995) Multinational Corporation and Employee Relations. Glamorgan Business School, Glamorgan MCB University PressGuest, D. (2002) Human Resource Management, incorporated Performance and Employee Well BeingBuilding the Worker in Human Resource Management. Industrial Relations 44, (3)HENDERSON, L. (2008) Human Resource Management for Mba Students. London undertake work of Personnel DevelopmentJewell, S. (2008) How to Write a Research Proposal. CoventryKeenan, T. (2005) Human Resource Management. Edinburg Edinburg Business SchoolLimerick, D. (1992) The Shape of the New Organisation synthesis of Human Resource Management. Asia Pacific journal of Human Resources 30, (1)Mac Mahon, J. (1996) Employee Relations in Small Firms in Ireland An Exploratory Study of Small Manufacturing Firms. Employee relations 18, (5)Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2005 ) Human Resource Management at Work. london Chartered Institute of Personnel DevelopmentMarchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008) Human Resource Management at Work. London Chartered Institute of Personnel DevelopmentNewell, H. and Scarbrough, H. (2002) Hrm in Context A Case Study Approach. New York PalgraveOwusu, Y. (1999) Importance of Employee Involvement in World Class Agile Management Systems. International journal of Agile Management systems (1/2) 107-118Redman, T. and Wilkinson, A. (2006) Contemporary Human Resource Management. Pearson EducationSadri, G. and Lees, B. (2001) Developing Corporate Culture as a Competitive Advantage. Journal of management Development 20, (10) 853-859Savolainen, T. (2000) Towards a New Workplace CultureDevelopment Strategies for Employer-Employee Relations. Journal of Workplace Learning 12, (8) 318-326

Postscript Adobe Product

supplementation adobe ProductAdobes first product, Postscript, was a driving force behind the desktop publishing renewing of the mid 1980s. Postscript provided an interface between computer program and an output device such as a printer. It comprised of three parts a scalawag description language which was open, documented and free, an interpreter which was licensed to output device manufacturers, and types which were sold to extirpate customers such as graphic artists.The first postscript products were introduced in 1985 through a strategic alliance among four firms Adobe, Apple, Aldus, and Linotype. The combination of products from these firms sparked the desktop users could seduce news letters and another(prenominal) documents that had a professional look and smell out documents could integrate graphics and text using professional quality fonts.The result was accomplished through a system of products. Aldus PageMaker software, which ran on Apple Macintosh, enabled the creation of documents that incorporated text and graphics, PageMaker required a postscript device for printing. The Apple Laser writer was the first postscript printer and incorporated a postscript interpreter licensed from Adobe. Finally, professional looking documents only required high quality fonts such as Times Roman or Palatino, which typically were only unattached to professional publishers. Linotype, a firm with over 100 years of experiences in the type setter industry, licensed a set of its most popular fonts to Adobe so that Adobe could offer them in postscript format. The Laser Writer came with 35 postscript fonts build in Linotype also introduced a high-end postscript image setter so that PageMaker documents could be used in professional publishing.By 1989, postscript had become the defacto touchstone for printing in the graphic arts and publishing industries. A most 100% of high-end image setters on the market incorporated postscript, while penetration in the general laser printer market reached only virtually 25%, penetration of Postscript in laser printers used by graphic artists was closer to 100%. Adobe also leveraged the underlying graphics engineering of postscripts in applications software for the graphic arts community. The first end-user application, Adobe illustrator, was introduced in March 1987 and gained wide acceptance among graphic artists. Illustrator created output Postscript output and helped to create demand for Postscript printers. Adobe also acquired a number of software products including Photostop for digital image editing in 1989, and Aldus PageMaker in 1993. These products were extremely successful, with Photostop capturing over 90% of the market for photo-editing software.Ownership and leveraging of the Postscript commonplace had reaped huge rewards for Adobe between 1984 and 1995, revenue had grown from $2.2 million to $762 million- a compound annual ontogenesis rate of 70%. Adobes share price growth had been equall y impressive, increasing at an average rate of29% between 1986, when the firm went public and 1995.In dress to create PDF documents users had to purchase either Acrobat Exchange for $195, or a more than than sophisticated product, Acrobat Distiller for $695. As with the Postscript received, the specification for PDF was open. By using documentation from Adobe, other firms could create files PDF format. Sales of Acrobat however were originally quite disappointing and reached only about $25 million in 1993. Given the advent of the internet, Adobe circumscribed its Acrobat strategy. Instead of focusing exclusively on document exchange among workers within a corporation, Adobe also targeted internet users. The goal I was to make PDF the de facto standard for posting and exchanging documents on the internet.Question 2.In order to encourage software developers to use the Postscript language, Adobe do it open to anyone for free. The language was meticulously documented in what prog rammers fondly called The Red Book, and strong skilful support was provided to third party developers working with the language. As a result, the number of applications supporting Postscript increased from 180 in 1986 to over 5,000 by 1991.To accelerate the diffusion of Postscript output devices, Adobe developed a boilerplate controller design establish on the Motorola G8000 chip. Printer manufacturers interested in licensing Postscript had free access to this design, thus accelerating the development time for Postscript products. In addition, Adobe engineers often worked on joint product development teams with customers in order to help with the design of customized Postscript interpreters. The number of Postscript licenses increased from just one, Apple in 1985 to 60 by 1994.Adobe invested a large amount in creasing its own library of Postscript fonts. In 1986, Adobe invested 16% of sales in font development, and dollar investment continued to increase from 1985 through 1992. The number of Postscript fonts in the Adobe collection increased from 35 in 1985 to 2000 in 1994. These fonts were determine most highly by graphic artists designing pages for professional publishing.Adobe encouraged adoption of the Acrobat reader by changing its previous policy of charging $50. The Acrobat Reader became widely available for free. In 1994, an alliance was made with AOL made the Acrobat Reader available to all AOL users. Adobe also established relationships with a number of computer vendors such as Compaq, Dell, and Sony to preload the Acrobat Reader on Personal Computers they sold. In 1995 free downloads of the Acrobat Reader were made available from the Adobe website. When users visited a site with PDF content they were instructed to riffle on a link to Adobe.com to get the free Acrobat Reader. Downloads of the Acrobat Readers explored starting in 1997, and by July 2000 over 197 million Acrobat Readers had been downloaded, with ongoing downloads of about 6 million more each month. Traffic to the Adobe site was also significant with about 11 million unique visitors a month. Downloads also drove sales of the salutary Acrobat product, needed for PDF creation. Adobe market research indicated that 88% of full Acrobat purchasers had used the Acrobat Reader prior to buying the full product.Question 3.Standard wars and battles for dominance in the market between incompatible technologies are products of the information age. Adobe announced it would release the entire PDF specification (current version 1.7) to the International Standards Organization. PDF has reached a point in its maturity cycle where maintaining it in an open standards manner is the next logical step in evolution. Not only does this reinforce Adobes commitment to open standards, precisely it demonstrates that open standards and open source strategies are really becoming a mainstream concept in the software industry. PDF will go from being an open standard/specification and de fact o standard to a full blown dejure standard. (http//www.ameinfo.com/40724.html)Adobe has found that with Postscript and PDF, publishing the specifications, making them open barely not open standards is the regenerate path. This is because once something becomes a standard driven by a standards body, it moves to a glacial place Ad innovation slows down significantly because everybody has to agree and compromise. If it is made a totally open source, they do not get a return on investment. They believe that by opening up the specification, they allow other people to take advantage of it. However, they still own the source and get to innovate around that standard more quickly. (http//www.ameinfo.com/40724.html)Uncertainty about the market of e-Books hinged on a number of factors. One of the major impediments to adoption of E-Books was on-screen readability. Anti-aliasing technology had been developed by both Adobe (Cool Type) and Microsoft (Clear Type), improving text resolution by up to 300% e-Book resolution, however, was still not close to matching the quality of paper. So far the place of e-Books was similar or higher than that of print books, constraining demand. In addition, dedicated e-Books reading devices had been relatively expensive, costing a minimum of $250. Finally, the selection of e-Books was still quite limited and e-Books formatted for one device could generally not be used on another. Depending upon their assumptions about pricing and standards, analysts had different perspectives on the potential of the market.After the well publicised battle between VHS and Beta formats in the videocassette recorder industry, both produces and consumers were wary of standards war. No consumer wanted to be stuck with the equivalent of Betamax CVR, an orphan product with no tapes to play on it. Likewise, producers did not to be on the losing end of a standards war. It was unclear how standards in the e-Book market would evolve.While Microsoft had changed head o n into the consumer it is wondered whether Adobe should instead focus elsewhere. Other segments, such as professional and technical users, while similar than the general consumer market, seemed to place more value on what e-Books had to offer and were leading in their adoption. In addition, Adobes superior graphics capability was more highly valued by the professional market.Adobe can win the standards war by creating alliances with other software companies. A good company is Google. sexual congress market caps show Adobe at $24 billion, Google at $148 billion and Microsoft at $296 billion. Google needs something like Adobe and Microsoft does not have the selfsame(prenominal) perspective. This could be a strategic relationship to help Adobe win formats/standards war against Microsoft. Adobe may already own the market for electronic documents thanks to PDF, but the company knows that Microsoft has a habit of showing up late to a party and stealing the crown. In turn Adobe is beta t esting a new project it calls mars which is an answer to Microsofts new XPS format. (http//www.inforules.com/summaries.htm)Negotiations over standardization and interconnection and standardization are critical once a network has been launched Adobe can explore seven key assets that show its ability to successfully wage a standards war. These are intellectual property rights, control over an installed meanspirited of users, ability to innovate, manufacturing abilities, first mover advantages, strength in complements and brand name reputation. The standard wars are especially bitter and crucial to business success in markets with string network effects that cause consumers to play high value on compatibility. (http//www.inforules.com/summaries.htm)Pre-emption is one of the two crucial market place simulated military operation that Adobe can use in its standards battle. The logic of pre-emption is straight forward build an early lead so positive feedback works for you and against you r rival. The same principle implies in markets with learning by doing the first firm to gain significant experience will have lower costs and can string even further ahead. (Shapiro, Varian 1999)Expectations management is the second by tactic in standard wars. Expectations are a major factor in consumer decisions about whether or not to purchase a new technology. Just as incumbents will vary to knock down the viability of new technologies that emerge, so will those very entrants deform to establish credibility. (Shapiro, Varian 1999)ReferenceCarlo Shapiro, Hal R. Varian. Information Rules. A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Retrieved from http//www.ameinfo.com/40724.html on 5th March 2008Carlo Shapiro, Hal R. Varian. The Arts of Standard Wars, California Management Review, Vol.41, No.2 1999.http//www.inforules.com/summaries.htmhttp//www.business.ualberta.ca/mlounsbury/ORG658/readings/standard%20wars.pdf

Elie Wiesels Relationship With God In Night English Literature Essay

Elie Wiesels Relationship With divinity fudge In Night English Literature EssayWhat are you, my idolcompared to this afflicted crowd, proclaiming to You their faith, their anger, their revolt? What does your greatness mean, overlord of the Universe, in the face of all this weakness, this decomposition, and decay? (73-74) You would often hear these questions in concentration camps for Jews during the Holocaust while fellow Jews were remorselessly killed.Elie Wiesels memoir, Night, is his personal encounter with the Holocaust as a Jew. He had an aver come on life in a little town in Transylvania. At the age of fifteen, his life becomes full of suffering and oppressions. Wiesel and his family were moved into concentration camps, which resulted in losing his mom and sister and altering his views of spiritual ways and life. The most important altercation is Wiesels connecter with religious look because thats what gives him the courage and strength to continue to live. Initially E lie shows strong devotion, then becomes disillusioned with Gods power, and ultimately redefines the position God holds in his life.In the beginning, Elie Wiesels alliance with God in Night shows strong devotion. Wiesel made spirituality inherent to all activities and initiated the study of the Zohar, and advanced Jewish text, by himself with the help of Moche the Beadle. Wiesel wished to spend his life rivet around Judaism and devoted all his free time and energy on religious studies. With Moches guidance, they would read the same pages of the Zohar over and over to extract the divine warmness from it (15). Wiesel believed that religion was a basic survival need, showing that he followed his religion instinctively just as he would any new(prenominal) body function. When Moche asked him wherefore he prayed, Wiesel couldnt think of a proper answer and thought, strange question, why did I live, why did I breathe? (14). Wiesel maintained confidence in religion as the situation dete riorated. Wiesel and his people gave thanks to God for survival, keeping hope that God was raiseting them by a test of hardships what would keep them alive if they kept their faith. When they had arrived at Auschwitz, they thanked God and were able to regain their confidence because, Here was a sudden release from the terrors of the previous nights (36). Wiesel thanked God for the little things that helped him because he wanted a sense of protection and clung to the belief that God watched over them and helped them survive the challenges he faced. When Wiesels new shoes get covered in mud and are non discovered by the SS Guards, he thanked God, in an improvised prayer, for having created mud in His infinite and wonderful wisdom (47).In the next stage of Elies relationship with God in Night he becomes disillusioned with Gods power. One way Elie accomplishes this is by doubting Gods preeminence. Within the concentration camps, the Jews went through torture that caused them to ques tion the foundation of their religion. In one conversation among them, Elie ponders his misgivings about Gods justice and passs God in a new light that brings him to fell I had ceased to pray. How I sympathized with Job I did not deny Gods existence, but I doubted His absolute justice (53). As examined in the previous paragraph, Elies religion was central to his life, however this stage is marked by him go away from God and trying to sort out all the turbulent feelings of abandonment and injustice. As Elie was confronted with the horrors of the crematorium for the first time his faith and all of the things he thought he knew were severely altered, and (f)or the first time, I matt-up revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless His line? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank him for?(42). Another way that Elie expresses his disappointment in God is by rebelling against the religious teachings he has followed all his life. On e point that Elie put a great amount of stress on in Night, is the item that while in this camp he felt like God was nonexistent. As the first nightmarish night in the concentration camp unfolded, Elie as a person was changed. His beliefs became different and he was no longer able to see the world in the same light, as expressed in (n)ever shall I forget these moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust(43). As all of this ran through his mind, Elie began to resent God and the religious habits he had been following. As his life was taken apart bit by bit, God meant less and less to him. This was due to the fact that he couldnt get past the thought that God should stop this. This led him to revolt against God, and he found himself asking Why, but why should I bless him? In every fiber I rebelled(74).Ultimately, Elie redefines the position God holds in his life. Elie sees that the Holocaust highlights the evil and cruelty from everybody. Not only by the Naz is, but from the other prisoners, his fellow Jews, even himself. He feels that if the world is so awful and cruel than God either must be awful and cruel or not exist altogether. (On Yom Kippor) I no longer accepted Gods silence. As I swallowed my bowl of soup, I saw in the gesture an act of Rebellion and differ against him (pg. 76). From this, Elie feels that he is better off alone in a world without God and man. I was no longer capable of lamentation. On the contrary, I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accused. My eyes were open and I was alone terribly alone in a world without God and without man (pg. 75). Because Elie realizes his belief of God was always present, his habit of religion will never leave. In spite of myself, the words formed themselves and issued in a whisper from my lipsMay His name be blessed and magnified My heart was bursting (pg. 43). Elie prays to God subconsciously, reflecting the incompleteness of his loss of faith. Elie claims he no longer b elieves in God, but he, in turn, looks to God when he is doubtful of his ability to control himself. And in spite of myself, a prayer rose in my heart, to that God whom I no longer believed (pg. 97).In Night, Wiesels relationship with God experiences ups and downs, which ultimately changes his views about God. At the very beginning of the book, Wiesel shows his strong devotion to God but as he personally experiences the Holocaust, Wiesel becomes cynical of his religious beliefs. While Wiesel grows and transforms into a man, he simultaneously redefines Gods position in his life. Wiesel, being a forthright author, surfeits many examples of the mental and physical effects of people in the Holocaust and more specifically, a young boy. For this reason, Night provides a deeper understanding of the Holocaust so that with a better understanding of such a horrid event, history does not repeat itself.

influence :: essays papers

influenceSmall-minded administrators and authority figures like to speak in clichs. All my life I heard the same trite line You can tell a lot about a person by the friends they keep. The black sheep of the honors program, I hung out with the so-called losers. During my freshman year, not a day went by when a teacher or family member did not bemock my closest friends and warn me that by hanging out with bad seeds I would fall into a downward spiral, never graduate college, and have a inadequate life. They thought that they had me figured out. One day, while my ninth grade math teacher, Mr. Pedersen, was reviewing some math concepts with me, my friend Mariam ran by the classroom, stuck her head in the doorway, called out Hi Yassee, and then ran away. Mr. Pedersen looked at me coldly and said with a scowl How can you call yourself an Honors student? A real honors student doesnt associate with great deal like that I wanted to ask him how he could call himself a teacher after al l, a real teacher is supposed to want to dish up everyone. Instead, I sat silent, stunned by his ignorance and cruelty. He wanted me to drop my childhood friends simply because they didnt place the same importance on school assignment that I do. If he had thought before speaking, he would have realized that people like him, rather than people like my friends, are better equal to turn good students into poor ones by discouraging them with ridiculous comments. I would never slight Mariam. One of my closest friends in freshman year, she was also a below average, non-college bound student. Many of the adults in my life, especially my parents and teachers, would look at those closest to me Mariam, Alisa, Zena, Lianne, and Marvin, and ask how I could call these low-life losers my friends. But such questions show a lack of understanding of the nature of friendship. Friendship is unconditional and uncritical, based only on mutual respect and the ability to enjoy each other s company. The se authority figures never saw the way one of us could do something outrageous, and the rest of us would joke about it for days. We could have fun doing absolutely vigor at all - because the company we provided each other with was enough.

Justifying Mutual Deceit in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 Essay exa

Justifying Mutual Deceit in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 A common conception of William Shakespeares poetry entails complex language and hidden meanings. Shakespeare is famous for his ability to author a web of images that creates layers of interpretations and understandings. In Sonnet 138 however, Shakespeare is more direct in describing his family with his lover by avoiding imagery and metaphors, explaining to the ref that this seemingly unconventional relationship is indeed justified. Shakespeare constructs a persona of the speaker in a way that establishes a casual and conversational relationship with the reader. This allows for an open disclosure of the mutual hypocrisies between himself and his lover part leaving his steadfast candor to convince the reader that Shakespeares affirmations concerning love are acceptable. Shakespe ares elimination of imagery allows for a reliance on diction that he takes advantage of by selecting words with double meanings, creating a reflexive manner about the poem for the reader to explore. Shakespeare conveys the meaning of the poem, that mutual deceit is compatible with love, with the seemingly straightforward language that connects the reader to the speaker while forcing the reader to think twice about certain words that deepen the surface understanding. As in all Shakespearean sonnets, the structure of the poem plays an serious role, as the three quatrains and final couplet often represent transitions in tone, language and meaning. However, Sonnet 138 differs from the norm as the first two quatrains do... ...as such a connection with the speaker and wants to understand the speakers situation, Shakespeare justifies the hypocrisies on the surface of this love scenario. The speaker takes hold of his audience in an inviting conversational manner that fo rces them to prize what he has to say. As the speaker asserts his knowledge of the way love works, the reader agrees because the speaker articulates every word for the explicit purpose of reader understanding. The speakers honed and efficient language makes the reader hang on every word, creating realizations in the puns with several words that deepen the meaning of the poem and better illustrate to the reader that seeming truth, mutual deceit and love can exist in harmony.